An average of 35.4 million viewed pages from all over the world
Average time per viewer: 4 minutes 35 seconds.
Empathy is the bridge that opens up to the other side
PETROFILM.COM EUROPE
Information and Interpretation
from a European Perspective
Información e Interpretación
desde una perspectiva Europea
EUROPE-USA
A TRANS-ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP
UNA COLABORACIÓN TRANSATLÁNTICA
EMPATHY RESPECT DIGNITY
EMPATÍA RESPETO DIGNIDAD
Harald Dahle-Sladek
Founder and Editor-in-chief
Fundador y editor en jefe
To contact the Editor-in-chief with questions, comments and inquiries about lectures or consultations, please e-mail us at haroldsworld@petrofilm.com
Oslo, Norway
歐洲分析與解釋
אמפתיה כבוד כבוד
ניתוח, מידע עם פרספקטיבה אירופית
تجزیه و تحلیل ، اطلاعات از یک چشم انداز اروپایی
АНАЛИЗ ИНФОРМАЦИИ С ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ
ИЗ ЕВРОПЫ
דיאלוג עכשיו ДИАЛОГСЕЙЧАС
DIALOGUENOW
Institute for Empathetic Dialogue formation
and Conflict Resolution, Oslo Norway.
Instituto para la formación del Diálogo Empático y Resolución de Conflictos, Oslo Noruega
عزت احترام به همدلی یکپارچه سازی
The Foreign Ministry Tehran
Creating dialogue and common ground
with the Islamic republic of Iran 1998-2022.
ایجاد گفت و گو و زمینه مشترک با ایران 1998-2022
Updates from
Washington, D.C.
Denmark
Danske Bank Pleads Guilty to Fraud on U.S. Banks in a Multi-Billion Dollar Scheme to Access the U.S. Financial System.
Largest Bank in Denmark Agrees to Forfeit $2 Billion.
Danske Bank A/S (Danske Bank), a global financial institution headquartered in Denmark, pleaded guilty today and agreed to forfeit $2 billion to resolve the United States’ investigation into Danske Bank’s fraud on U.S. banks.
According to court documents, Danske Bank defrauded U.S. banks regarding Danske Bank Estonia’s customers and anti-money laundering controls to facilitate access to the U.S. financial system for Danske Bank Estonia’s high-risk customers, who resided outside of Estonia – including in Russia. The Justice Department will credit nearly $850 million in payments that Danske Bank makes to resolve related parallel investigations by other domestic and foreign authorities. Continues further down.
Switzerland
Glencore International AG
Entered Guilty Pleas to Foreign Bribery and Market Manipulation Schemes. Swiss-Based Firm Agrees to Pay Over $1.1 Billion
Glencore International A.G. (Glencore) and Glencore Ltd., both part of a multi-national commodity trading and mining firm headquartered in Switzerland, each pleaded guilty today and agreed to pay over $1.1 billion to resolve the government’s investigations into violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and a commodity price manipulation scheme.
Luxembourg
haroldsw
Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord, OTAN
NUCLEAR AIR FORCE BASES EUROPE, US NUCLEAR DEPOTS, US NAVY EARLY WARNING INSTANT RESPONSE PHASED ARRAY RADARS
Hello friends! I shall be polite, as always, and first give the word to the other side, for re-flection in a more historic perspective, thank you. In case you already have forgotten, let me carefully remind you , that the Russian landmass till Ural is part of the Northern European Plain. Russia is "per se" an integrated and active part of Europe.
It is sufficient to hold up the two gas pipelines Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 as prime examples of this. Cooperation between German companies and Russia and Russian companies in Germany is vital for both countries, and for Europe. The Europeans must decide for themselves and Europe must not become a vassal state of the United States. Stay vigilant folks, keep your eyes and ears open, and fight terrorism, domestic and foreign in all its evil. Have a good day, cheers!
NATO NUCLEAR BASES
By the Editor-in-Chief - Главный редактор - 主編
There are more than 500 nuclear bombs, widespread deployment to seven bases in six European countries. These deployments are:
Norway: Ørland Main Air Station
The Netherlands, Volkel Air Base
Belgium, Kleine Brogel Air Base
Germany, Buchel Air Base
Italy, Aviano Air Base; Ghedi Torre Air Base
Turkey, Incerlic Air Base
Four bases are in Caretaker Status. Six non-nuclear countries are assigned nuclear strike mission. Caretaker status means a non operating condition in which the installations material and facilities are in care and limited preservation status. Only a minimum of personnel is required to safeguard against fire, test and damage from the elements.
A Belgian F-16 from Kleine Brogel Air Base
Air force and submarine bases and early warning radars together represent the back-bone of our defence. This is why I think this subject is important. Below, you will find the latest on European nuclear bases, and some of the most important ones in the United States. Be vigi- lant and report suspicious activities. Together we must fight terrorism in all it's cruelty, and defeat ISIS. Europe and the U.S must not be the target of a "dirty" nuclear bomb! Stay tuned folks, cheers! B
B61-12
NORWAY TO DELIVER B61-12'S IN CASE OF CONFLICT
HUGE RETALIATIONS EXPECTED
Ørland Main Air Station in Trondelag County Mid-Norway is the main delivery base for B61-12's, owned by the United States and operated by the U.S. Marines.
Nuclear sharing
Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO's policy of nuclear deterrence, which involves member countries, without nuclear weapons of their own, such as Norway in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO, and in particular provides for the armed forces of these countries to be involved in delivering these weapons in the event of their use.
In the late 1960s, the NATO Nuclear Planning Group was created to address the European desire to exert influence on US nuclear planning. These nuclear sharing arrangements would ease Europe-an, notably German, concerns with regard to signing the Non-Prolife-ration Treaty.
Above: Ørland Main Air Station, Norway.
A Thermonuclear Precision Free Fall Gravity Bomb of type B61-12 is seen here being mounted on to a pylon on an F-15E Strike Eagle
Nuclear deterrence
Definitions of deterrence vary, but a popular definition, put forward by the late promi- nent scholar, Kenneth Waltz, is that nuclear weapons dissuade states from going to war more surely than conventional weapons do. Credibility and capability are central to deterrence because of their influence over severity and surety of punishment.
The credibility of a specific deterrence posture is a subjective judgement based on assessment of the threat and achievability of genuine deterrence from potential ag- gressors. The MoD defines deterrence in the following terms:
The convincing of a potential aggressor that the consequences of coercion or armed conflict would outweigh the potential gains. This requires the maintenance of a credible military capability and strategy with the clear political will to act. The Government’s 2013 Trident Alternatives Review described the UK’s nuclear force as:
"A political tool of last resort rather than a war fighting capability, and as a minimum nuclear deterrent capability that, during a crisis, is able to deliver at short notice a nuclear strike against a range of targets at an appropriate scale and with very high confidence.”
Credibility criteria
A credible and effective nuclear deterrent is underpinned by five criteria: read-ness, reach, resolve, survivability/invulnerability and destructive power.
Extended deterrence
The nuclear arsenal of a state protects first and foremost that very state from external aggression. Nuclear weapons are therefore closely tied to notions of national sovereignty. There is widespread agreement, however, that nuclear deterrence can also be extended to non-nuclear allies.In principle, all that is required is a declaration by the nuclear weapons state that it will retaliate on an attack on its ally with nuclear means. Whether such a promise will be perceived as credible, however, is quite another matter.
THE F-35A AND F-15E STRIKE EAGLE
The main objective of the Norwegian F-35 planes are to be used as low flying bombers each delivering one B61-12 thermonuclear gravity bomb over Russia, plain and simple! Norway will have forty F-35's available in NATO's Nuclear Sharing program and will deliver a total of forty B61-12 thermonuclear gravity bombs. At least that is the NATO plan, in theory. Why would Russia use its fighter planes over Norway when it can use much more advanced, precison-guided missiles that can reach any part of Norway within minutes? Even the F-35's themselves!
There's no business like (the) show business!
When the midnight choo choo leaves for Alabam'
I'll be right there, I've got my fair
When I see that rusty haired conductor man
I'll grab him by the collar and I'll holler "Alabam'! Alabam'!"
That's where you stop your train, that brings me back again
Down home where I'll remain, where my honey lamb am
I will be right there with bells, when that old conductor yells
"All aboard! All aboard! All aboard for Alabam!"
Norwegian F-35's attacking targets inside Russia?
Yes, they will come to the border of Russia, up north, and that's it. They will be shot down, one by one. Or they will be targeted at the tarmac before they have a chance to take off!
Some of the F-35's delivered to Norway can be equipped to carry B61-12 thermonuclear smart, gravity bombs, which Norway is obliged to do through NATO's "Nuclear Sharing Program".
Then Norway will be targeted at once with Iskandder-K GCLM fitted with Kalibr-NK nuclear-tippet, winged, cruice missiles, and my be also targeted with Iskander-M conventional or nuclear missiles.
It will take minimum 5 years to have all of the Norwegian pilots fully trained for the 62 F-35 planes that Norway has bought - then we are in 2022.
The County of Trondelag, in Mid-Norway, where the US Marine Prepositioning material is stored in eight mountain caves, might be attacket with Russian hypersonic, precition guided nuclear missiles.
I really can't see what the F-35's can contribute with, except creating an even more dire situation for Norway and it's population! This is the missile war! What took weaks to accomplish in WW2, will only take minutes now! For Norway's part, the war will be over before it has really started.
There is zero protection for the population of Norway against a nuclear attack! Zero! Nothing! And this is very serious, off course. The well paid politicians sitting in the Parliament in Oslo does not seem to fathom this!
Which in itself amounts to high treason!
"UNSURVIVABLE"
Watch this important video in the "Ohio class" submarine section further downCLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
NATO Ballistic Missile Defence Overview
NUCLEAR VEAPONS
AVAILABLE TO NATO
The Strategic Consept of the NATO states is as follows: A credible Alliance Nuclear posture and the demonstration of Alliance solidarity and common comitment to prevention of war and to continue to require widespread participation by the European Allies involved in col- lective defence planning in nuclear roles. In peacetime basing of nuclear forces on their ter- ritory and in command and consultation arrangements.
THE PERMISSIVE ACTION LINK (PAL)
Letter from President John F. Kennedy
Below, Kennedy's June 6, 1962 National Security Memorandum 160
Explanation of the June 6, 1962 letter
By Harald Dahle
The letter from President John F Kennedy, dated June 6, 1962 is regarding the installation of a security device, the Permessive Action Link (PAL), for nuclear weapons in NATO command. The PAL is a security device for nuclear weapons which purpose it is to prevent unauthorized arm- ing and detonation of the nuclear weapon. The United States Department of Defence definition of a PAL is:
"A device included in or attached to a nuclear weapon system to preclude arming and/or launching until the insertion of a prescribed discrete code or combination. It may include equipment and cabling external to the weapon or weapon system to activate components within the weapon or weapon system."
National Security Action Memorandum 160
introduction of PAL to all U.S. nuclear weapons under NATO command
Permissive Action Link PAL for the President of the United States
President Kennedy then goes on saying that,
"I have decided we should now make the commitment to procure appropriate (PAL) devices for all nuclear weapons, now dispersed and to be dispersed to NATO commands, for both non-U.S. and U.S. forces."
In section 3, Kennedy continues,
"At the earliest feaseble time, the Secretary of Defence will submit for my approval a schedule for installation of these devices in NATO weapons. In making this schedule, the Secretary should consult with the Secretary of State on the political problems arising from the excistenc of weapons assigned to U.S. forces and weapons assigned to our Allies. "
In the final section 4, Kennedy outlines cooperation between the Chairmann of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Secretary of Defence, to
"...carry out a reserach program on an urgent basis directed toward an examination of the feasibility and desirability of more advanced permissive link devices with a wider range of capabilities."
NATO Air Base Buchel, the only German base per 2016 with nuclear weapons
All of the new F-35 Lightning II will be modified to carry 2 B61-12 thermonuclear bombs, and the F-16 above, will eventually be laid off.
THE EUROPEAN NATO NUCLEAR ARSENAL
NATO's new B61-12 thermonuclear gravity bomb
In NATO Strategic Concept the US, UK and French nuclear arsenals are mentioned in general terms as support of the deterrent role. Directly assigned to NATO are the following nuclear weapons,
US tactical B61 plane bombs, 480 bombs in the Netherlands Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Turkey.
Nuclear missiles on the 4 UK Trident submarines, each with a maximum of 48 nuclear warheads on board.
Nuclear missiles on US Trident submarines: 4 of 15 are assigned to NATO with 24 missiles on each submarine.
B61-12
B61-12 thermonuclear gravity bombs in an undisclosed vault
Close call 1: An "Eurofighter Typhoon" interceptor photographed from a Russian "Bear"
THE USE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS AGAINST A NON NUCLEAR STATE
Under US pressure, NATO has since 2000 allowed a new strategy which permits the use of nuclear wapons against states who do not posess nuclear veapons them selves. After the Cold War the US changed it's nuclear stategy. Originally nuclear veapons were used to deter other nuclear weapon states.
Close call 2: An "Eurofighter Typhoon" interceptor showing off its veaponry
SECRET DOCUMENT MC 400/2
EUROPEAN NUCLEAR WEAPONS PART OF WIDER MIDDLE EAST PLAN
Documents of USSTRATCOM, released under the Freedom of Information Act, revealed that US nuclear weapons on European soil have a role in the US war planning in the Middle East.
Countries that did not posses nuclear veapons were not threatened by them. Since the 90'ies the US broadened the role of nuclear weapons. Also countries which the US supposed to posess weapons of mass destruction, like chemical or biological weapons, are now threatened with nuclear weapons.
NATO nuclear deterrent: Vanguard class Trident II, D5
Because many more countries have the potential today to posses chemical or biological weapons than nuclear weapons, many more countries are now the target of US nuclear weapons. NATO accepted a similar doctrine in June 2000 by adopting a revision of her military strategy in the secret document MC 400/2.
The Strategic Concept is an official document that outlines NATO’s enduring purpose and nature, and its fundamental security tasks. It also identifies the central features of the new security environment, specifies the elements of the Alliance’s approach to security and provides guidelines for the adaptation of its military forces.
A Trident II, Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) D5 with Multiple Independent Targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV)
NUCLEAR WEAPONS NOW TO BE USED AS "PREVENTIVE DEFENCE"
The first use of nuclear weapons are now possible against an enemy that is supposed to posses any sort of weapon of mass destruction. This new, nuclear stategy, combined with an active policy of military intervention and concepts like "preventive defence" make nuclear weapons much more threatening to a whole new range of countries and pulls them in a new arms race.
the B61-12 accuracy
MORE ACCURACY = LESS EXPLOSIVES
Making a weapon twice as accurate has the same effect on lethality as making the warhead eight times as powerful. Furthermore, radiological fallout operates according to Newton’s inverse square law. A specified physical quantity or intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity.
NATO's EASTWARD EXPANSION
HOW THE WEST BROKE IT'S PROMISE TO MOSCOW
During negotiations over German reunification in 1990, did the United States promise the Soviet Union that NATO would not expand into eastern Europe? The answer remains subject to heated debate. Today, Moscow defends its invasion of Ukraine by claiming that NATO regened on a promise to stay out of Russia's backyard. Sceptics, meanwhile, counter that Russian claims are a pretexts for aggression; in their view, Washington and its allies never formally committed to forego NATO expansion.
CLICK ON PICTURE AND PLAY
Dramatic footage from hight of the October 1961 US-Soviet Berlin standoff, Friedrichstrasse.The skeptics are correct that the two sides never codified a deal on NATO’s future presence in the east. But they misinterpret the precise implications of negotiations that took place throughout 1990. After all, scholars and practitioners have long recognized that informal commitments count in world politics. This was particularly true during the Cold War: as the historian Marc Trachtenberg has shown, the Cold War settlement itself emerged from European, Soviet, and U.S. diplomatic initiatives in the late 1950s and 1960s that were not formalized until nearly a decade later.
The rest of this article can be found under NATO OTAN DEFENCE, in the last section at the end
The Russian Federation the largest landmassed country, here with it's military districts.
REPLACING TRIDENT? A key issue for the 2016 Parliament
In 2016 decisions will be made on taking the programme forward, including the size of the de- terrent fleet, which is expected to enter service from 2028. A decision on any replace- ment warhead is expected to be made around 2019. In the context of changing strategic threats and constraints on the overall defence budget, questions will continue to be asked about the ratio- nality and cost-effectiveness of the programme.
THE VANGUARD CLASS
The Vanguard-class is a British class of nuclear powered ballistic submarines in service of the Royal Navy. Each submarine is armed with up to 16 UGM-133 Trident II missiles. The class was introduced in 1994 as part of the Trident nuclear programme. The class includes four submarines: Vanguard, Victorius, Vigilant and Vengeance. They were built at Barrow-Fur- ness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering between 1986 and 1999, which is now owned by BAE Systems. The subs are based at HM Naval Base Clyde, west of Glasgow, Scotland.
On 3 September 1986, Margaret Tatcher laid the keel of the first Trident submarines HMS Vanguard, at Vickers shipyard in Barrow. President Jimmy Carter and Margaret Tatcher had agreed upon creating the Trident Nuclear Deterrent. Prime Minister Margaret Tatcher here with President Jimmy Carter, below.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
The Trident Submarine Missile System
Although it has reduced its nuclear stockpile since the end of the Cold War, the UK main- tains a continuous at-sea nuclear deterrent, now based solely on the submarine-launched Trident system, which consists of four Vanguard-class submarines, Trident II D5 missiles and associated warhead. The Labour Government committed in 2006 to renewing the UK’s nu- clear deterrent, and this position was endorsed by the next Government’s Strategic Defense and Security Review in 2010.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
HMS Vanguard Trident II D5 ballistic missile launch
"Yes, (indeed) Prime Minister!"
“I’ve decided to cancel Trident,” Hacker tells an astonished Sir Humphrey. He intends to divert some of the savings into conventional forces and reintroduce conscription, and “at one stroke” solve Britain’s balance of payments, educational and unemployment problems.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
The Prime Minister's view on Trident
Sir Humphrey [scandalised] : With Trident we could obliterate the whole of eastern Europe.
Hacker: I don’t want to obliterate the whole of eastern Europe.
Sir Humphrey: But it’s a deterrent.
Hacker: It’s a bluff. I probably wouldn’t use it.
Sir Humphrey: Yes, but they don’t know that you probably wouldn’t.
Hacker: They probably do.
Sir Humphrey: Yes, they probably know that you probably wouldn’t. But they can’t certainly know.
Hacker: They probably certainly know that I probably wouldn’t.
Sir Humphrey: Yes, but even though they probably certainly know that you probably wouldn’t, they don’t certainly know that, although you probably wouldn’t, there is no probability that you certainly would.
Hacker: What?
This wizard-behind-the-curtain aspect of Trident is the official reason for having it. What matters is belief. The navy could fill the sharp end of a Trident missile with straw, but if the straw could be kept a perfect secret and the world went on believing that instead of straw there were warheads capable of destroying 266 cities, each the size of Hiroshima, then Trident would be doing its job. If it had to be used, then the world, or what was left of it, would of course discover the truth. But if it had to be used, it wouldn’t have worked and there would be few of us left to care.
England, The Ministry of Defence
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
The nuclear button Flag of the British Royal Navy
THE "TRIDENT" NUCLEAR
DETERRENT
Royal Naval Armaments Depot RNAD Coulport Helensburgh Argyll, Scotland
It is the storage and loading facility for the nuclear warheads of the United Kingdom's Trid- ent Programme. The base, near the village of Coulport, has up to 16 reinforced concrete bunkers built into the hillside on the eastern shore of Loch Long. It is the last depot in the UK to retain the "RNAD" designation, indicating a Royal Navy Armament Depot.
COULPORT FLOATING EXPLOSIVES HANDLING JETTY
The Royal Naval Armaments Depot (RNAD) at Coulport, Loch Long is the other major part of HMNB Clyde. RNAD Coulport stores conventional armaments for Royal Navy vessels but is best known for its role in the Trident missile system.
Two docks are located on the shoreline at the foot of the hill. There, weapons are loaded onto Vanguard nuclear submarines before they go on patrol and unloaded before they return to base at nearby Faslane. Below, the Faslane Marine and Submarine Doc.
Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Clyde
Faslane, officialle called "Her Majesty's Naval Base (HMNB) Clyde (HMS Neptune)" is one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy the others being HMNB De- venport and HMNB Portsmouth. It is the service's headquarters in Scotland and is best known as the home of the United Kingdom's strategic nuclear deterrent, in the form of nuc- lear submarines armed with Trident missiles.
RNAD COULPORT H.M. Naval Base Clyde
ROYAL NAVY ARMAMENTS NUCLEAR DEPOT, RNAD
A 1.9 BILLION BRITISH POUND PROJECT
The Trident Works Programme at Coulport and Faslane co-ordinated by the Property Service Agency, took 13 years to complete. Planning work at Coulport began in 1982 and the esti- mated final cost for the entire programme, at 1994 prices, was approximately £1.9 billion. This made it the second most expensive procurement project in the UK after the Channel Tunnel project. Below, Naval Armaments Depot entrances to deep, reinforced concret stor- age vaults.
Bases are close to Scotlands most populated city, Glasgow with 596.000 inhabitants.
The "VIRGINIA" class Attack Submarine USS Virgina (SSN774)
Her Majesty's Naval Base, Clyde Scotland
The Vanguard class HMS "Vigilant" Trident II D5
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
The Royal Navy Vanguard Class SSBN, HMS Vigilant, test launches a UGM-133 Trident II Nuclear Submarine-launched missile
'Trident' is an operational system of four Vanguard Class submarines armed with Trident II D-5 Ballistic missiles, able to deliver thermonuclear warheads from multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV). Below, a Vanguard sub has returned to Coulport base.
Below, one of Great Britain's hangar ships passing Coulport on its way out to the sea
UGM-27 POLARIS SUBMARINE LAUNCHED MISSILE
The UGM-27 Polaris missile was a two-stage solid-fueled nuclear-armed submarine-launch- ed ballistic missile (SLBM) built during the Cold War by Locheed Corporation for the United States Navy. It was designed to be used for second strike countervalue, not good enough for first strike counterforce. The Polaris was first launched from the Cape Canaveral Florida mis- sile test bas on January 7, 1960.
The "W88" Warhead
The MIRV'ed D5 ballistic missile
TRIDENT II, D5 MISSILE
Made By Locheed Martin Space Systems Company, Sunnyvale
The D5 missile has three rocket motor stages powered by solid-fuel propellant and weighs more than 130,000 pounds. The D5 is the latest in a line of fleet ballistic missiles, which began with the Polaris A-1 in 1960. The D5 has a greater range, payload, and accuracy than its predecessors, since it incorporates many state-of-the-art technological advances in elec- tronics and rocketry.
The D5 is the heart of the Trident weapons system, which also includes the submarine, sup- port equipment, and shore facilities. The system is designed to be America's sea borne det- errent to strategic war.
D5 is the "heart" of the trident missile deterrent
Air Force photo of the first launch of a Trident missile on Jan. 18, 1977 at Cape Canaveral, Fla.
Bellow, submarine launched Trident II, D5 missile
A thermonuclear warhead
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
How to Launch a Nuclear Missile
European Coordinated Missile Shield
NATO's NUCLEAR BASES
AND "NUCLEAR READY-MADE" BASES IN EUROPE PER 2015
THE UNITED KINGDOM
The bases at Bentwaters, Woodbridge, Chicksands, Greenham Common, Sculthorpe, Weth- ersfield and Upper Heyford were closed by the end of 1993. Alconbury's flightline was clos- ed, and its base support functions were taken over by RAF Molesworth. Consolidations were made both at Lakenheath and Mildenhall, leaving them the only two fully equipped USAFE bases in the UK.
The two main remaining US Support bases in England now are:
RAF Lakenheath (SAC/USAFE)
The United States has withdrawn nuclear weapons from the RAF Lakenheath air base 70 miles northeast of London, marking the end to more than 50 years of U.S. nuclear weapons deployment to the United Kingdom, since the first nuclear bombs arrived September 1954.
CLICK PICTUE AND PLAY
RAF Lakenheath F-15 Viewing Area
The 48th Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath is the Statue of Liberty Wing, the only USAF wing with both a number and a name.
Tactical squadrons of the 48th Operations Group consist of:
492d Fighter Squadron, F-15E
494th Fighter Squadron, F-15E
493d Fighter Squadron, F-15C/D
RAF Mildenhall (SAC/USAFE/AMC)
RAF Mildenhall hosts units from four different major USAF commands Air Combat Com- mand, Air Force Special Operations Command, Air Mobility Command and United States Air Forces in Europe as well as units of the United States Navy.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
Two USAF KC-10 Tankers depart RAF Mildenhall
Today's deployments at Mildenhall consist of:
The 100th Air Fueling Wing
727th Air Mobility Quadron
488th Intelligence Squadron
352d Special Operations Wing
95th Reconnaissance Squadron
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
Impressive F-15E Strike Eagle Mid Air Refueling
U.S. Air Force F-15E Strike Eagle from U.S.-operated fighter base RAF Lakenheath is refueling
The withdrawal
of nuclear weapons from Europe
US removes nuke from German base
The Pentagon announced its plans to consolidate its bases in Europe, including restructuring that would replace F-15 fighter jets with the F-35 Lightning II aircraft. The withdrawal, which has not been officially announced but confirmed by several sources, follows the withdrawal of nuclear weapons from Ramstein Air Base in Germany in 2005 and Greece in 2001.
The removal of nuclear weapons from three bases in two NATO countries in less than a decade undercuts the argument for continuing deployment in other European countries. Ready made bases: Bases that have all the necessary installation and preparedness to handle nuclear bombs in case of a deep crisis.
RAF Lakenheath, US Support Base (Nuclear Ready-made)
RAF Lakenheath, is a Royal Air Force military airbase near Lakenheath in Suffolk, England. Although an RAF station, it hosts United States Air Force units and personnel. The host wing is the 48th Fighter Wing, also known as the Liberty Wing, assigned to United States Air For- ces in Europe (USAFE).
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
PAVE PAWS RADARS
GLOBAL BALLISTIC MISSILE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
The U.S. Air Force maintains five PAVE Phased Array Warning System (PAWS) Early Warning Radars (EWR). These radars are capable of detecting ballistic missile attacks and conducting general space surveillance and satellite tracking. The acronym PAVE is a military program id- entification code. They are able to detect and track both intercontinental and sea-launched missile threats. Early warning and attack characterization data is sent to the United States' Missile Warning and Space Control Centers, the U.S. National Military Command Center and U.S. Strategic Command. Satellite tracking data is sent to the Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) for processing.
Three systems have been modified to Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR) status. They are located at Beale Air Force Base, Calif., Thule Air Force Base, Greenland and Fylingdales, England. The Fylingdales system is operated by the British Royal Air Force. The UEWR syst- ems have a co-primary mission to provide missile tracking data to the U.S. Missile Defense Agency Fire Control Center. The other two systems are located at Cape Cod Air Force Station, Mass., and Clear Air Force Base, Alaska.
The Unique Antenna Technology
The unique aspect of the radars is their phased array antenna technology. The systems diff- er from mechanical radars, which must be physically aimed at an object for tracking and ob- servation. The phased array antenna remains in a fixed position. Phased array antenna aim- ing, or beam steering, is done in millionths of a second by electronically controlling the tim- ing, or phase, of the incoming and outgoing signals. Controlling the phase through the many segments of the antenna system allows the beam to be rapidly projected in different direc- tions. This allows interweaving of tracking pulses with surveillance pulses, allowing tracking of multiple targets while maintaining the surveillance responsibility.
RAF Fylingdales, U.S. Early Warning System
RAF Fylingdales is a Royal Air Force station on Snod Hill in the North York Moors, England. Its motto is "Vigilamus," meaning that "We are watching". It is a radar base and part of the United States-controlled Ballistic Missile Early Warning System. As part of intelligence shar- ing arrangements between the United States and United Kingdom, data collected at RAF Fylingdales are shared between the two countries.
A 360 DEGREES
SOLID STATE PHASED ARRAY RADAR
Fylingdales, England
USAF Missile Warning & Space Surveilance
The Solid State Phased Array Radar System is a USAF radar, computer, and communications system for missile warning and space surveillance at five geographically separated units world wide including Beale AFB, CA, Cape Cod, MA, Clear AFB, AK, RAF Fylingdales, UK, and Thule AFB, Greenland. SSPARS completed replacement of the RCA474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System when the last SSPAR phased array radar with 2500 "solid state transmitter" modules was operational at Clear in 2001, the year SSPARS equipment included:
1 RAYTHEON AN/FPS PAVE PAWS RADAR at Beale and Cape Cod
2 RAYTHEON ANF/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar at Thule
3 RAYTHEON ANF/FPS-126 Solid State Phased Array Radar, Fylingdales
4 RAYTHEON AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased Array Radar in Texas
Below, THULE Phased Array Radar, Greenland
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
The U.S. Strategic Command, Thule Base
A phased array antenna, as with any other directional antenna, will receive signals from space only in the direction in which the beam is aimed. The maximum practical deflection on either side of antenna center of the phased array beam is 60 degrees. This limits the coverage from a single antenna face to 120 degrees.
To provide surveillance across the horizon, the building housing the entire system and supporting the antenna arrays is construc- ted in the shape of a triangle. The two building faces supporting the arrays, each covering 120 degrees, 240 degrees of azimuth. The array faces are also tilted back 20 degrees to allow for an elevation deflection from three to 85 degrees above horizontal.
Below, CAPE COD Phased Array Radar, USA
The radar system is capable of detecting and tracking multiple targets that would be indica- tive of a massive missile attack. The system must rapidly discriminate between vehicle typ- es, calculate their launch and impact points, and perform scheduling, data processing and communications requirements.
The operation is semi-automatic and requires highly trained personnel for monitoring, maintenance, prioritization, scheduling, and as a final check of the validity of warnings. Four different computers com- municate with each other from the heart of the system, which relays the information to Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station and Missile Defense forward users
Below, CLEAR Phased Array Radar, Alaska
Below, BEALE Air Force Base, California
Below, BEALE Phased Array Radar at Beale AFB, California
Below, TEXAS Phased Array Radar, Eldorado Air Force Station
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
New Russian Missile Technology with increased Nuclear Deterrent
1962 Cold War, Fylingdales "golf ball" radar domes.
GERMANY
"This could alter the balance of power in Europe," Peskov told reporters at a press conferen- ce on Wednesday. He continued, "And without a doubt it would demand that Russia take necessary countermeasures to restore the strategic balance and parity.
Ramstein Air Base, Drone Relays
86th Air Lift Wing Ramstein Air Base (Nuclear Ready-made)
Ramstein Air Base is a United States Air Force (USAF) base in the German state of Rheinland Pfalz. It serves as headquarters for the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and is al- so a North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO installation. Ramstein is located near the town of Ramstein, in the rural district of Kaiserslautern, Germany.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
Spangdahlem is home of the 52d Fighter Wing which maintains, deploys and employs Lockhe- ed Martin Block 50 F-16CJ and Republic A/OA-10 aircraft and TPS-75 radar systems in support of NATO and the national defense directives. In addition Air Mobility Command supports cargo and passenger traffic as part of its airlift mission.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
F-16's at Spangdahlem AFB
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
President Bill Clinton/Madeleine Albright at Spangdahlem AFB
Nørvenich Air Base (Nuclear Ready-made)
It was built for the RAF Germany in 1952 and opened in August 1954. The Jagdbombergesch wader 31 or Fighter-Bomber Wing 31 was the first fighterbomber wing with Republic F-84F Thunderstreak of the United States Air Force using by the German Air Force in 1958 at Nör- venich Air Base. Since June 2010 the squadron flies the Eurofighter Typhoon.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
Buchel Air Base Nuclear Bombs Stored
The only air base in Germany today, with nuclear weapons
Büchel Air Base is a military air base of the German Luftwaffe near the city of Cochem and at about 45 miles from Spangdahlem Air Base . It is home to the Tactical Air Force Wing 33 of the German Air Force and the 702 Munition Support Squadron of the United States Air Force.
Since 1985, the TaktLwG 33 operates German Panavi Tornado airplanes, which are capable of delivering the twenty B61-12 nuclear boms. Under the NATO Nuclear Sharing Agreement, these twenty B61 bombs require a dual key system, with the simultaneous authorizations of Germany and the United States, before any action is taken. Since July 2007, the air base is the only location in Germany with nuclear weapons.
According to the press, Eastern European Member States of NATO have resisted the withdraw- al of the shared nuclear bombs from Europe, fearing it would show a weakening of the US commitment to defend Europe against Russia.
CLICK PICTURE AND WATCH
11 Vaults in Protective Aircraft Shelters. Maximum capacity 44 weapons, with a total of 20 B61-12 Nuclear Bombs Authorized
BELGIUM
The new NATO Headquarter under construction
Belgium hosts the political and military Headquarters of NATO. The political headquarters are located in Brussels. SHAPE, the military headquarter is located in Mons. Near Mons it is served in logistical terms by the airforce base of Chievres, which is run by US forces. Anoth- er support structure is the NATO Satcom installation in Kester.
SHAPE
SUPREME HEADQUARTERS ALLIED POWERS EUROPE, MONS
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe SHAPE in Mons, Belgium is the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Allied Command Operations. Since 1967 it has been located at Cas- teau, north of the Belgian city of Mons but it had previously been loc- ated from 1953 at Rocquecourt, next to Versailles, France. From 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of Allied Command Europe, ACE. Since 2003 it has been the headquarters of Allied Command Operations (ACO), controlling all NATO operations worldwide.
SHAPE retained its traditional name with reference to Europe for legal reasons although the geographical scope of its activities was extended in 2003. At that time, NATO's command in Lisbon, historically part of the Atlantic command, was reassigned to ACO. The commander of Allied Command Operations has also retained the title "Supreme Allied Commander Eur- ope" SACEUR, and continues to be a U.S. four-star general officer or flag officer, who also serves as Commander, U.S. European Command.
The 52nd U.S. Munition Support Squadron
Belgium is also host of US nuclear weapons on the airforce base of Kleine Brogel. This base contains a US MUNSS or Munition Support Squadron as guards and maintenance group for the nuclear weapons. But the base has mostly Belgian military and the F-16 wing tasked with flying nuclear weapons is Belgian as well.
Florenne AFB
Florennes Air Base is a Belgian Air Component military airfield located in Florennes, a muni- cipality of Belgium. It is home to the 2nd Tactical Wing, operating F-16 Fighting Falcons. It also used to be the home to the Tactical Leadership Programme (TLP), a joint training prog- ram formed by 10 NATO members. On July 31, 2009, TLP moved to Albacete in Spain.
The other airforce base with F-16's is Florennes. In total the Belgian airforce has 72 operati- onal F16's of which 60 have NATO tasks. Through the Control and Reporting Centre in Glons and the Air Traffic Control Centre in Semmerzake the air operations are co-ordinated.
Belgium, Glons - wave of UFO's
The UFO triangle had been moving slow and low over the rolling hills of Belgium near City of Glons, just southeast of Brussels. When a NATO manned radar station first reported. Below, Triangel UFO photograped near Glons, Belgium.
The Belgian UFO wave began in November 1989. The events of 29 November would be doc- umented by no less than thirty different groups of witnesses, and three separate groups of police officers. All of the reports related a large object flying at low altitude. The craft was of a flat, triangular shape, with lights underneath.
Belgium radar at Glons tracked the UFO's
This giant craft did not make a sound as it slowly moved across the landscape of Belgium. There was free sharing of information as the Belgian populace tracked this craft as it moved from the town of Liege to the border of the Netherlands and Germany. Below, radar image of one of the mnay UFO's over Belgium and and one og many F-16sleft sent up to trace the unidentified flying objects.
The Belgian UFO wave peaked with the events of the night of 30–31 March 1990. On that night, unknown objects were tracked on radar, chased by two Belgian Air Force F16's, phot- ographed, and were sighted by an estimated 13,500 people on the ground – 2,600 of whom filed written statements describing in detail what they had seen. Following the incident, the Belgian air force released a report detailing the events of that night.
Glons Radar Station followed the UFO's
At around 23:00 on 30 March, the supervisor for the Control Reporting Center at Glons- received reports that three unusual lights were seen moving towards Thorembais-Gem- bloux, which lies to the southeast of Brussels. The lights were reported to be brighter than stars, changing color between red, green and yellow, and appeared to be fixed at the vert- ices of an equilateral triangle. At this point, Glons CRC requested the Wavre Gendarmie send a patrol to confirm the sighting.
Approximately 10 minutes later, a second set of lights was sighted moving towards the first triangle. By around 23:30, the Wavre gendarmerie had confirmed the initial sightings and Glons CRC had been able to observe the phenomenon on radar. During this time, the sec- ond set of lights, after some erratic manoeuvres, had also formed themselves into a smaller triangle.
After tracking the targets and after receiving a second radar confirmation from the Traffic Center Control at Semmerzake, Glons CRC gave the order to scramble two F-16 fight- ers from Beauvechain Air Base shortly before midnight. Throughout this time, the pheno- menon was still clearly visible from the ground, with witnesses describing the whole form- ation as maintaining their relative positions while moving slowly across the sky. Witnesses also reported two dimmer lights towards the municipality of Eghezee displaying similar er- ratic movements to the second set of lights.
Belgium, Semmerzake Radar Operating System II
Kleine Brogel Air Base Nuclear Bombs Stored
Kleine Brogel hosts 36 F-16 planes of the 10th Wing. These are divided between the 31st Tiger squadron, specialised in air-ground combat in other words, bombardements with 18 planes, and the 349th squadron specialised in air-air combat. The base has 1700 military personnel, of which are 90 pilots.The 52nd Munitions Support Squadron is made up of about 110 members and cares for the B61 nuclear bombs stored in the weapons storage and security system vaults located within hardened aircraft shelters on the base. The vaults at Kleine Brogel reached initial operat- ional capability on April 3, 1993, and 11 vaults are operational today.
F-16 Fighting Falcon from Kleine Brogel Air Base, Belgium
THE NETHERLANDS
Volkel Air Base Nuclear Bombs Stored
Volkel Air Base is a military airbase used by the Royal Netherlands Air Force and is located near the town of Uden, Noord-Brabant, in the Netherlands. It is home to three F-16 Fighting Falcon squadrons, 311, 312 and 313. It also houses a maintenance, logistical, a base Squad- ron for the RNLAF, and also the 703rd Munitions Support Squadron, part of the 52d Fighter Wing from the United States Air Force.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
ITALY
Ghedi Torre Air Base Nuclear Bombs Stored
The 704th MUNSS is a Geographically Separated Unit responsible for receipt, storage, main- tenance and control of U.S. war reserve weapons committed to NATO's 6th STORMO Italian Wing, PA-200 Tornado Aircraft. The squadron directly supports NATO and its strike mission.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
F-16 at Ghedi Torre AFB in Operation Deliberate Force
Ghedi Torre Air Base, Italian and US Army in a joint exercise
Aviano NATO Air Base Nuclear Bombs Stored
Aviano Air Base is a NATO base in northeastern Italy, in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. It is located in the Aviano municipality, at the foot of the Carnic Pre-Alps,or Southern Carnic Alps about 15 kilometers from Pordenone. The Italian Air Force has ownership and administra- tive control of the base and hosts the U.S. Air Force's 31st Fighter Wing. The 31st FW is the only U.S. fighter wing south of the Alps.
Aviano Air Base C-17's lined up
This strategic location makes the wing critical to operations in NATO's southern region. The 31st FW maintains two F-16 fighter squadrons, the 555th Fighter Squadron and the 510th Fighter Squadron, allowing the wing to conduct offense and defensive combat air operati- ons. In peacetime, the 31st FW prepares for its combat role by maintaining aircraft and per- sonnel in a high state of readiness. The base is one of six NATO sites in Europe which hold tactical nuclear weapons.
F-117 Night Hawk landing Aviano Air Base
Araxos Air Base (Nuclear Ready-made)
Until 2001, U.S.B61 nuclear bombs intended for delivery by Hellenic Air Force A7-H aircraft under NATO nuclear weapons sharing arrangements were stored in vaults inside the base's hardened aircraft shelters using the WS3 weapons Storage and Security System. The runway length is 3352 m running in a south to north direction. The military installations are acces- sed from Lakkopetra to the north.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
Balikesir Air Base (Nuclear Ready-Made)
Balıkesir is home to the 9th Air Wing of the 1st Air Force Command of the Turkish Air Force
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
Incirlic Air Base Nuclear Bombs Stored
Incirlik Air Base has a U.S. Air Force complement of about five thousand airmen with several hundred airmen from the Royal Air Force and Turkish Air Force also present, as of late 2002. The primary unit stationed at Incirlik Air Base is the 39th Air Base Wing of the U.S. Air Force. Incirlik Air Base has one 3048 m long runway, and 57 hardened aircraft shelters. The Incirlic Air Base is one of six NATO sites in Europe which hold tactical nuclear weapons
MR-2 Nimrod at Incirlik Air Base
Incirlic Air Base
Dutch C130H30 Hercules at Incirlic
RQ-1 Predator
Following 2001, the RQ-1 Predator became the primary unmanned aircraft used for offens- ive operations by the USAF and the CIA in Afghanistan and the Pakistani tribal areas ; it has also been deployed elsewhere.
Incirlic Air Base, RQ-1 Predator Drone
Because offensive uses of the Predator are declassified, U.S. military officials have reported an appreciation for the intelligence and reconnaissance-gath ering abilities of UAVs but declined to publicly discuss their offensive use.
Hardened Aicraft Shelters
Hardened aircraft shelters (HAS) or protective aircraft shelter (PAS) is a reinforced to house and protect military aircraft from enemy attack. Cost considerations and building practicali- ties limit their use to fighter size aircraft. NATO hangars will still remain useful against the forces of any enemy as might conceivably engage Europe in an armed conflict in the short term whose capabilities generally lack precision guidance systems needed to defeat the def- ensive shield such hangars offer.
Nuclear Storage Bunkers and Hardened Aicraft Shelters
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
European Countries that host US nuclear weapons
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
Russia to aim Nuclear Weapons at NATO and US as response to European "Defencive Missile Shield"
A total of 40 B61-12 Nucear bombs in a not identified Weapons Storage Vault
The Boeing "E3-Sentry"
Airborne Early Warning Radar
NATO's "eyes and ears" in the sky
FOUR STRATEGIC AIR FORCE BASES The United States
OFFUTT AIR FORCE BASE, Nebraska
Offutt Air Force Base is a US Air Force installation near Omaha, and lies adjacent to Bellevue in Sarpy County Nebraska. It is the Headquarters of US Strategic Command US STRATCOM the Air Force Weather Agency and the 55th Wing of the Air Combat Command, the latter serving as the host unit.
Aviation use at Offutt began in September 1918 during World War 1 as an Arme Air Service balloon field. It was renamed in honor of World War 1 pilot and Omaha native 1st Lt. Jarvis Offutt in 1924. Offutt AFB's legacy includes the construction of the first two bombers to drop atomic bombs and over 40 years as the headquarters for the former Strategic Air Com- mand and home for its associated ground and aerial command centers for the U.S. in case of nuclear war during the Cold War.
STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND SAC
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
Inside Strategic Air Command, SAC
Looking Glass, or Operation Looking Glass, is the code name for an airborne command and control center operated by the United States. It provides command and control of U.S. nuc- ear forces in the event that ground-based command centers were destroyed or otherwise rendered inoperable. In such an event, the general officer aboard the Looking Glass serves as the Airborne Emergency Action Officer (AEAO) and by law assumed the authority of the National Command Authority and could command execution of nuclear attacks. The AEAO is supported by a battle staff of approximately 20 people, with another dozen responsible for the operation of the aircraft systems.
CLICK PICTURE AND PLAY
The Looking Glass plane
The E-4B Airborne Command Post
National Airborne Operations Center
President George W. Bush in the Presidential plane watching news on 9-11, 2001
President George W. Bush arrive at Offutt Air Force Base, September 11, 2001
Below: Members of the National Airborne Operations Center climb into E-4B airborne com- mand post, assigned to the 55th Wing at Offutt AFB during the joint military exercise Global Guardian '98.
Below: A team of National Airborne Operations Center airmen uncouples satellite feeds, secures the scene and heads upstairs for battle stations on an E-4B aircraft in a prelaunch response. This image was the cover photo for the May 2000 Airman Magazine " Around the clock with the E-4B." Location: Offutt Air Force Bse, Nebraska, the United States of America.
Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld
Below: The Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld speaks with his staff members on board a C-17 Globemaster III aircraft en route from Balad Air Base to Baghdad, Iraq, during a surpri se visit to Iraq, Dec. 9, 2006. Rumsfeld made a surprise visit to Iraq to thank the troops and their families for their sacrifice and service to the country.
Secretary of Defense Robert M Gates
Below: U.S. Army Gen. John Abizaid, commander of U.S. Central Command, greets Secreta- ry of Defense Robert M Gates in Tampa, Fla Jan. 5, 2007. Gates is in the area meeting with leaders of U.S. Southern Command, Central Command and Special Operations Command.
Below: The Secretary of Defense, Robert M. Gates left meets with members of the traveling press on board a C-17 Globemaster III aicraft en route to Iraq Dec. 19, 2006.
THE 55th WING
The 55 Wing mission is to provide dominant intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance elec- tronic attack; command and control; and precision awareness to national leadership and warfighters across the spectrum of conflict any time, any place. One of the wing's units, the 55th Operations Group, operates 46 aircraft, including 13 models of seven different types.
The 55th Wing is composed of five groups at Offutt AFB and at various locations worldwide:
The 55th Operations Group
The 55th Operations Group, Air Combat Command's largest group, has operational control over 12 squadrons and two detatchments worldwide. The group consists of approximately 3,200 personnel. It employs 46 aircraft, including 13 models of seven different types. The 55th Operations Group uses tail code OF for it's aircraft.
343 Reconnaissance Squadron RC-135
38th Reconnaissance Squadron RC-135
1st Airborne Command , Control Squadron E-4
45th Reconnaissance Squadron OC-135, RC-135, TC-135, WC-135
82nd Reconnassance Squadron RC-135, Operated from Kadena AB, Japan
95th Reconnaissance Squadron RC-135, Operates from RAF Mildenhall, England, also operates from Sauda Bay, Crete
OFFUTT AIR BASE, NEBRASKA
BOEING P8 POSEIDON MULTI MISSION MARITIME AIRCRAFT
55th Electronic Combat Group
The 55th Electronic Combat Group, stationed at Davis-Monthan AFB, is an operations group and geographically separated unit of the 55th Wing. It consists of 5 squadrons, 3 flying squ- adrons, 1 support squadron and 1 maintenance squadron. All flying squa- drons utilize various models of the EC-130 aircraft.
41st Electronic Combat Squadron
43rd Electronic Combat Squadron
42nd Electronic Combat Squadron
755th Operations Support Squadron
755th Aicraft Maintenance Squadron
55th Maintenance Group
The 55th Maintenance Operations Squadron provides centralized direction of all main- tenance staff functions providing support to world-wide aircraft reconnaissance missi- ons.
55th Mission Support Group
The 55th Mission Support Group provides vital mission support for Offutt AFB through engineering, security, mission support, services, supply, transportation, contracting & deployment readiness programs.
55th Communications Group
The 55th Communications Group provides worldwide command, control, comm unica- tions and computer systems, information management and combat support to war- fighting and national leadership. It also provides communications technology and sup- port to the 55th Wing and 44 tenant units.
55th Medical Group
The 55th Medical Group serves 28K enrolled patients with extensive outpatient clinic capabilities, and ancillary support.
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION BOARD REPORT
Pictures from inside the damaget plane
KIRTLAND AFB A NUCLEAR WEAPONS GENERAL DEPOT
Kirtland Air Force Base serves as one of two main Air Force nuclear-weapons general depots in the United States. Because of its proximity to the Pantex Plant in Amarillo, Texas, where nuclear warheads are taken apart, Kirtland serves as a transshipment point to and from op- erational bases and storage sites. Nuclear weapons are stored in the recently built Kirtland Underground Munitions Storage Complex. The types of bombs and warheads include B61-4, B61-7, B61-11, B83-0, W84-0, W87-0, and W62-0.
KIRTLAND AFB UNDERGROUND MUNITION STORAGE COMPLEX
SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES NEW MEXICO
Sandia Electro Magnetic Pulse, EMP testbed
Sandia-labs on Kirtland AFB
NELLIS Air Force Base, Nevada A NUCLEAR WEAPONS GENERAL DEPOT
Nellis Air Force Base is a United States Air Force installation in southern Nevada with milita- ry schools and more squadrons than any other USAF base. Nellis hosts air combat exercises such as Exercise Red Flag and close air support excercises such as Green Flag-West flown in Military Operations Area airspace associated with nearby Nevada Testa and Training Range. The base aslo has the Combined Air and Space Operations Center-Nellis.
The 896th Munition Squadron
Nellis Air Force Base, north of Las Vegas, serves as one of two main Air Force nuclear weap- ons general depots in the United States, the other is at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexi- co. Nuclear weapons are stored at the Nellis Area 2 formerly Lake Mead Base at a remote section of the Nellis complex. They are overseen by the 896th Munitions Squadron, a unit of the Air Force Materiel Command, though the nuclear facility is operated jointly for the Air Force Materiel Command and the Air Combat Command.
Cruice missiles attached to pylon on a B-52 Bomber
Nellis is home of the
99th Air Base Wing
505th Operations Group
926th Group Air Force reserve
Air Expeditionary Force Battlelab
Nevada Test and Training Range, military unit
Joint Unmannes Aircraft Systems Center of Excellence
53rd Test and Evaluation Group 442rd TestEvaluation Squadron
57th Wing 57th Adversary Tactics Group the Thunderbird Squadron
Weapons Resqcue Schools and the Maintenance/Munitions Officers School
Thousands of nuclear weapons are on high allert
In June 2004, the Bush administration announced that it would reduce the nuclear stock- pile from the current level of 10,000 warheads to approximately 6,000 by 2012. While these reductions are a positive step, an arsenal of 6,000 weapons is still many times larger than what is sufficient to fulfill the limited role of deterrence. Thousands of these weapons will remain on high alert, while the rest will still be stored at bases, some of which are near ma- jor urban centers.
LAKE MEAD, NUCLEAR WEAPONS BUNKERS
Well over 1000 nuclear warheads of several types are stored at Nellis, including the B61-4, B61-7, and B83-1 bombs. There are also W80-1 warheads from air-launched cruise missiles.
NUCLEAR STORAGE BUNKERS UNDER THE UMBRELLA
CLOSE-UPS OF THE NUCKEAR BUNKERS
EXTREME CLOSE UP OF NUCLEAR BUNKERS
NELLIS, NUCLEAR VEAPONS BUNKERS, SECURITY INSTALLATIONS
NELLIS OFFICES LIVING QUARTERS AND DORMS
FORT GREELY AFB, Alaska
Fort Greely is a United States Army launch site for anti-ballistic missiles located approxima- tely 100 miles southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. It is also the home of the Cold Region Test Center, as Fort Greely is one of the coldes areas in Alalska, and can accommodate cold, ext- reme cold, or temperate weather tests depending on the season. The base is named in hon- or of Major General Adolphus Greely.
Construction of the silos at Fort Greely began in July 2002, following the demise of the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty. The silos will house interceptor missiles for the U.S. ground-based, midcourse national missile defense system designed to shoot down ballistic missiles that North Korea might deploy sometime in the future. Under current plans, 20 interceptors will be in place at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California and at Fort Greely by the end of 2005.
THE RONALD W. REAGAN MISSILE DEFENSE SITE
(Former Vandenberg AFB)
Former First Lady Nancy Reagan is escorted by Lt. Gen. Frank G. Klotz and Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens at the Ronald W. Reagan Missile Defense Site dedication ceremony on Monday, April 10, 2006. General Klotz is vice commander of Air Force Space Command.
Lt. Gen. Frank G. Klotz addresses the more than 500 military and civilians attending the Ronald W. Reagan Missile Defense Site dedication ceremony at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., on Monday, April 10, 2006. General Klotz is vice commander of Air Force Space Command.
The President with the big Heart
The Ronald W. Reagan Missile Defense Site is a United States Air Force Base located 14.8 km, northwest of Lampoc, California. It is under the jurisdiction of the 30th Space Wing, Air Force Space Command. The Ronald W. Reagan Missile Defense Site is a Department of Defense space and missile testing base, with a mission of placing satellites into polar orbit from the West Coast using expendable boosters, Pegasus, Taurus Minotaur, Atlas V, Delta IV and now SpaceX's Falcon.
Wing personnel also support the Service's LGM-30G Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. Force Development Evaluation program. In addition to its military mission, the base also leases launch pad facilities to Space X as well as 100 acres leased to the California Spa- ceport 1995.
Vandenberg, Atlas missiles on alert
Vandenberg, Titan I missile emerge from it's silo
Below, Vandenberg Titan II test
Below, Vandenberg, Boeing Delta IV Heavy Launch
U.S. NAVAL STATION, NORFOLK
VIRGINIA
Naval Station Norfolk is a United States Navy base in Norfolk Virginia. It supports naval forces in the United States Fleet Force Command those operating in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean. Naval Station Norfolk, also known as the Norfolk Naval Base, occupies about 6 km of waterfront space and 11 km of pier and wharf space of the Hampton Roads peninsula known as Swells Point.
May 3rd 2016, family members of a Sailor assigned to the amphibious transport dock ship USS Arlington (LPD 24) wait pier side for the ships homecoming. USS Arlington arrives at Naval Sta- tion Norfolk as part of the Kearsarge Amphibious Ready Group (KSG ARG) homecoming in sup- port of maritime security operations and theater security cooperation efforts in the U.S. 5th and 6th Fleet areas of responsibility.
Norways new "Rolls Royce" Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) ship, Marjata IV in Norfolk, being outfitted with the latest in electronics.
Below, Sonar Technician 1st Class Robert Moe describes the top side characteristics of the Los Angeles-class attack submarine USS Newport News (SNN 750) to a group of first-year officer cadets from the Royal Norwegian Academy. The cadets arrived at Naval Station Norfolk onboard the tall ship HNoMS Statsraad Lehmkhul, the world's largest three-masted barque. Norfolk November 16, 2011.
Below, Naval Air Station Norfolk is the world's largest naval station, supporting 75 ships and 134 aircraft alongside 14 piers and 11 aircraft hangars, and houses the largest concentration of U.S. Navy forces.Port Services controls more than 3,100 ships' movements annually as they arrive and depart their berths.
Air Operations conducts over 100,000 flight operations each year, an average of 275 flights per day or one every six minutes. Over 150,000 passengers and 264,000 tons of mail and cargo depart annually on Air Mobility Command (AMC) aircraft and other AMC-chartered flights from the airfield's AMC Terminal.
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) arriving at Naval Station Norfolk, 2002
COMSUBLANT
Commander, Submarine Force Atlantic (COMSUBLANT) is the Submarine Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet type commander under the United States Fleet Forces Command. The principal res- ponsibility of the Admiral commanding is to operate, maintain, train, and equip submarines. COMSUBLANT also has additional duties as commander of NATO's Allied Submarine Com- mand and also Commander, Naval Submarine Forces.
As Commander, Naval Submarine Forces (COMSUBFOR), an additional type commander role, he also supervises Commander, Submarine Force Pacific (often known as COMSUBPAC) From the 1960s to the 1990s the commander also held the NATO post of Commander, Submarines, Western Atlantic (COMSUBWESTLANT).
Vice Adm. Michael Connor, commander of Submarine Forces Atlantic talks with Cmdr. Michael Meredith, commanding officer of the guided-missile destroyer USS Jason Dunham
VADM Jay Donnelly, USN
Commander, Submarine Force
Vice Admiral Donnelly assumed his current duties in February 2007. As commander, Subma- rine Forces he leads the Undersea Enterprise and is responsible for establishing force wide strategies on core submarine issues such as force structure, budgetary requirements, and manpower.
As commander, Submarine Force, Atlantic he has command responsibility for all Atlantic based U.S. submarines, their crews, and supporting shore activities. As commander, Allied Submarine Command, he acts as the principal advisor to the North Atlantic Treaty Organi- zation on submarine plans, operations, and doctrine.
His awards and decorations include the Distinguish Service Medal, Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit (four awards), Meritorious Service Medal (two awards), Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal (six awards), Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal and various unit and campaign awards.
Joseph E. Tafalo
Vice Admiral
Vice Admiral Joseph E. Tofalo is a United States Naval Officer. A career submarine officer, he currently serves as: Commander Submarine Forces; Commander Submarine Force Atlantic; Commander Task Force 144; Commander Task Force 84; Commander Allied Submarine Com mand.
The Ohio-Class Guided-Missile Submarine USS Florida (SSGN 728) arrives at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay in April 2011
The new VIRGINIA class
The Virginia class, also known as the SSN-774 class, is a new class of nuclear pow- ered fast attack submarine in service for the United States Navy. The submarines are designed for a broad spectrum of open-ocean and littoral missions. They are replace- ing the older Los Angeles class submarines, many which have already been decom- missioned. Virginia class submarines will be aquired through 2043 and are expected to remain in service past 2060.
attack submarine
USS John Warner (SSN-785)
Sept. 6, 2014 Former U.S. Sen. John Warner and his wife, Jeanne Warner in front of the Navy's brand new USS John Warner (SSN-785)
Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) Ray Mabus at the Washington Christening Sere- mony for the new Virginia submarine USS John Warner (SSN-785)
Above, The brand new USS John Warner (SSN-785) reday to be deployed
Cdr. Rich Rhinehart, commanding officer aboard the Virginia-Class fast attack submarine USS North Carolina
Faslane, United Kingdom, March 22, 2016, The Virginia class attack submarine USS Virginia (SSN 774) arrives at Her Majestys Naval Base, Clyde
Faslane, United Kingdom, March 22, 2016, The Virginia class attack submarine USS Virginia (SSN 774) arrives at Her Majestys Naval Base, Clyde
Machinist Mate 2nd Class Jordan Dobbs, from Orlando, inspects a torpedo silo aboard the Virginia class fast attack submarine USS North Carolina.
Katy Slavin gives her husband Petty Officer 1st Class Michael Slavin Jr. the ceremo- nial first kiss during the Virginia-class, nuclear-powered fast attack submarine USS Missouris.
3 SUBMARINE BASES Naples ITALY, Sauda GREECE and Diego Garcia
Naples, ITALY
U.S. Ohio class TRIDENT II D5, 24 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBM)
SAUDA BASE, Creete
U.S. Ohio class TRIDENT II D5, 24 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBM)
DIEGO GARCIA
THE UNITED STATES' INDIAN OCEAN MILITARY BASE
To accomplish the UK/United States mutual defence strategy, in November 1965, the UK purchased the Chagos Archipelago, which includes Diego Garcia, from the then self-govern- ing colony of Mauritius for £3 million to create the Britis Indian Ocean territory (BIOT), with the intent of ultimately closing the plantations to provide the uninhabited British territory from which the United States would conduct its military activities in the region.
UK represents the territory internationally. A local government as normally envisioned does not exist.Rather, the administration is represented in the territory by the officer command- ing British Forces on Diego Garcia, the "Brit rep". Laws and regulations are promulgated by the commissioner and enforced in the BIOT by the Brit representative.
Of major concern to the BIOT administration is the relationship with the United States mili- tary forces resident on Diego Garcia. An annual meeting called "The Pol-Mil Talks",for "polit- ical-military", of all concerned is held at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London to resolve pertinent issues. These resolutions are formalised by an "Exchange of Notes", or, since 2001, an "Exchange of Letters".
Norway's Rear Admiral Bernt Grimstvedt pays visit to
USS MIAMI (SSN 755)
The very fast and quiet U.S. Los Angeles Class Attack Submarine with Toma- hawk Conventional or Nuclear Cruice MissilesRear Admiral Bernt Grimstvedt, Chief of the Norwegian Navy, looks through the periscope of the Los Angeles class, very fast and quiet, USS Miami, attack submarine.
Rear Adm. Bernt Grimstvedt chief of the Royal Norwegian navy, speaks with Sailors assigned to the Los Angeles-class submarine USS Miami while during tour.
A portside bow view of the fore section oftied USS Santa Fe up at the pier. The doors of the Mark 36 Vertical Launch System for the Tomahawk missiles are in the "open" position.
From the torpedo room
THE LONG AWAITED HOMECOMING
NAVY SEALS TRAINING
HOW TO LEAVE AND GET BACK INTO A SUBMERGED SUB
Miss Hawaii 2002 Helen Berger visits US Naval Base Pearl Harbor
3 STRATEGIC SUBMARINE BASES IN
THE UNITED STATES
KINGS BAY
U.S. NAVAL SUBMARINE BASE, GEORGIA
There are already 1,500 nuclear warheads assigned to the Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia, near Jacksonville, Florida. The base is the homeport for the Navy’s Atlanticbased Trident II–equipped Ohio class ballistic missile submarine force. The Strategic Weapons Facility Atlantic is responsible for storage, handling, and maintenance of nuclear weapons at Kings Bay.
CLICK PICTURE AND WATCH
The Silent Service
An Ohio class Trident II submarine at Kings Bay
Each of the 14 Ohio-class SSBNs can carry up to 24 submarine-launched ballistic missiles with multiple, independently-targeted warheads. However, under the New Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, each submarine will have four of its missile tubes permanently deacti- vated in the coming years. The SSBN's strategic weapon is the Trident II D5 missile, which provides increased range and accuracy over the now out-of-service Trident I C4 missile. Three offshore tethered submarine docking stations, below.
SSBNs are specifically designed for extended deterrent patrols. To decrease the amount of time required for replenishment and maintenance, Ohio-class submarines have three large-diameter logistics hatches that allow sailors to rapidly transfer supply pallets, equipment re- placement modules and machinery components, thereby increasing their operational avail- ability.The Ohio-class design allows the submarines to operate for 15 or more years between maj- or overhauls. On average, the submarines spend 77 days at sea followed by 35 days in-port for maintenance. Each SSBN has two crews, Blue and Gold, which alternate manning the submarines and taking them on patrol. This maximizes the SSBN's strategic availability, re- duces the number of submarines required to meet strategic requirements, and allows for proper crew training, readiness, and morale.
OHIO CLASS TRIDENT II D5 |
Builders: General Dynamic Electric Boat |
Operators: United States Navy |
GENERAL FIGURES |
Displacement
|
Beam: 42 ft, 13 m |
Draft: 35.5 ft, 10.8 m maximum |
Speed
|
24 ×Trident II D5 SLBM with up to 12 MIRVed W76 or W88, 300–475 ktTNT |
Nuclear warheads each, range 6,100 nmi, 11,300 km |
22 tubes, each with 7 Tomahawk cruise missiles, totaling 154 |
Propulsion |
1× S8G PWR nuclear reacto |
2× geared turbines; 60,000 shp |
Above, Trident II D5 Ohio-class SSGN in the Puget Sound
NAVAL SUBMARINE BASE, KINGS BAY GEORGIA
NAVAL BASE KITSAP
Submarines @ BANGOR, Washington
A TRIDENT II D5 OHIO CLASS BASE
In 1973, the Navy announced the selection of the Bangor base as the home port for the first squadron of Ohio-class Trident Fleet Ballistic Misile submarines. On February 1, 1977 the Trident Submarine Base was officially activated.
Naval Base Kitsap includes the Strategic Weapons Facility Pacific which provides mainten- ance, calibration, missile assembly/test, spare parts, and spare nuclear warhead storage for the Trident II ballistic missiles that are carried by the nuclear submarines. This Trident submarine base is the sole one for the U.S Pacific Fleet, with the Trident submarine base at Kings Bay Georgia for the U.S. Atlantic Fleet being the only other one.
CLICK PICTURE BELOW AND WATCH
Lyndon Larouch PAC TV: UNSURVIVABLE thermonuclear war
U.S. Navy Machinists Mate Helm, Ohio class Trident II D5 nuclear deterrent submarine. At any given time, a half dozen or more U.S. ballistic missile submarines patrol Atlantic and Pacific waters. The U.S. nuclear war plan requires that their warheads cover designated targets at all times, regardless of the altered relationship with Russia. Thus, the submarines are main- tained at high levels of alert approaching the tempo of the Cold War. This operational level is excessive and could be relaxed with no loss of security. The Pacific patrols are based at Naval Submarine Base Bangor located near Seattle on the Hood Canal. Nuclear warheads supplying the Pacific-based Trident submarines are stored at the Strategic Weapons Facility Pacific in Silverdale, part of the Bangor complex. The base stores nuclear warheads for the three or four submarines that are in port or overhaul at any given time.
NAVAL SUBMARINE BASE BANGOR, WASHINGTON
There are probably around 1,500 warheads assigned to the base, though a portion is always at sea on submarines on patrol. Until recently, only W76 warheads were stored at Bangor, but beginning in 2002, the number of W88 warheads has increased as Trident II missiles are back-fitted onto older submarines. There are also W80-0 warheads for sea-launched cruise missiles that could be redeployed on attack submarines.
LEFT, THE TUBES, 24 IN ALL AND A CLOSE-UP, RIGHT
POLARIS POINT GUAM, U.S. SUBMARINE PACIFIC BASE
Above, Trident II D5 Ohio class nuclear submarine at Polaris Point, Guam
The NATO Mission
Declassified and released under the Freedom of Information Act
B61: The Drop Test
The United States Air Force and National Nuclear Security Administration completed the first development flight test of a non-nuclear B61-12 gravity bomb at Tonopah Test Range in Nevada on July 1, 2015.
This test marks a major milestone for the B61-12 Life Extension Program, demonstrating end-to-end system performance under representative delivery conditions said NNSA Depu- ty Administrator for Defense Programs Dr. Don Cook. Achieving the first complete B61-12 flight test provides clear evidence of the nation's continued commitment to maintain the B61 and provides assurance to our allies.
This test marks a major milestone for the B61-12 Life Extension Program, demonstrating end-to-end system performance under representative delivery conditions,” said NNSA De- puty Administrator for Defense Programs Dr. Don Cook. “Achieving the first complete B61 -12 flight test provides clear evidence of the nation's continued commitment to maintain the B61 and provides assurance to our allies.”
B61: Nuclear Logistics
HISTORY
SALT I AND SALT II
The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agree- ments were SALT I and SALT II.
Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland November 1969. SALT I led to the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries. Although SALT II result ed in an agreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet war in Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The agreement expired on December 31, 1985 and was not renewed.
The exact number of nuclear weapons possessed by the United States is difficult to determ- ine. Different treaties and organizations have different criteria for reporting nuclear weap- ons, especially those held in reserve, and those being dismantled or rebuilt:
Signing of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Treaty in the Kremlin, Moscow, USSR, on May 26th, 1972. Principle signatories: Richard Nixon, President of the United States and Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Communist Party.
President Jimmy Carter with Head of the Communist Party Leonid Brezhnev
In 2002, the United States and Russia agreed in the SORT treaty to reduce their deployed stockpiles to not more than 2,200 warheads each. In 2003, the U.S. rejected Russian propo- sals to further reduce both nation's nuclear stockpiles to 1,500 each. In 2007, for the first time in 15 years, the United States built new warheads.
These replaced some older war- heads as part of the Minuteman III upgrade program. 2007 also saw the first Minuteman III missiles removed from service as part of the drawdown. Overall, stockpiles and deployment systems continue to decline in number under the terms of the New Start treaty.
In 2014, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists released a report, stating that there are a total of 2,530 warheads kept in reserve, and 2,120 actively deployed. Of the warheads actively dep- loyed, the number of strategic warheads rests at 1,920, subtracting 200 bombs that are de- ployed, but are not considered "strategic". The amount of warheads being actively disabled rests at about 2,700 warheads, which brings the total United States inventory to about 7,400 warheads.
NATO
Washington D.C. - 4 April 1949
The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilisation of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area.They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defence and for the preservation of peace and security. They therefore agree to this North Atlantic Treaty :
The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international dispute in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.
The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them.
In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack.
The Parties will consult together whenever, in the opinion of any of them, the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of the Parties is threatened.
The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.
Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.
[1]For the purpose of Article 5, an armed attack on one or more of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack:
This Treaty does not affect, and shall not be interpreted as affecting in any way the rights and obligations under the Charter of the Parties which are members of the United Nations, or the primary responsibility of the Security Council for the maintenance of international peace and security.
Each Party declares that none of the international engagements now in force between it and any other of the Parties or any third State is in conflict with the provisions of this Treaty, and undertakes not to enter into any international engagement in conflict with this Treaty.
The Parties hereby establish a Council, on which each of them shall be represented, to consider matters concerning the implementation of this Treaty. The Council shall be so organised as to be able to meet promptly at any time. The Council shall set up such subsidiary bodies as may be necessary; in particular it shall establish immediately a defence committee which shall recommend measures for the implementation of Articles 3 and 5.
The Parties may, by unanimous agreement, invite any other European State in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area to accede to this Treaty. Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession.
This Treaty shall be ratified and its provisions carried out by the Parties in accordance with their respective constitutional processes. The instruments of ratification shall be deposited as soon as possible with the Government of the United States of America, which will notify all the other signatories of each deposit. The Treaty shall enter into force between the States which have ratified it as soon as the ratifications of the majority of the signatories, including the ratifications of Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, have been deposited and shall come into effect with respect to other States on the date of the deposit of their ratifications.
After the Treaty has been in force for ten years, or at any time thereafter, the Parties shall, if any of them so requests, consult together for the purpose of reviewing the Treaty, having regard for the factors then affecting peace and security in the North Atlantic area, including the development of universal as well as regional arrangements under the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security.
After the Treaty has been in force for twenty years, any Party may cease to be a Party one year after its notice of denunciation has been given to the Government of the United States of America, which will inform the Governments of the other Parties of the deposit of each notice of denunciation.
This Treaty, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America. Duly certified copies will be transmitted by that Government to the Governments of other signatories.
MINOT Air Force Base
MINOT Air Force Base
MINOT Air Force Base
MINOT Air Force Base
MINOT Air Force Base
MINOT Air Force Base
MINOT Air Force Base
MINOT Air Force Base
MINOT Air Force Base
Luxembourg
haroldsw